find ... {}?This is the documentation for fish, the friendly interactive shell. fish is a user friendly commandline shell intended mostly for interactive use. A shell is a program used to execute other programs. For the latest information on fish, please visit the fish homepage.
Shells like fish are used by giving them commands. Every fish command follows the same simple syntax.
A command is executed by writing the name of the command followed by any arguments.
Example:
echo hello world
This calls the echo command. echo is a command which will write its arguments to the screen. In the example above, the output will be 'hello world'. Everything in fish is done with commands. There are commands for performing a set of commands multiple times, commands for assigning variables, commands for treating a group of commands as a single command, etc.. And every single command follows the same simple syntax.
If you want to find out more about the echo command used above, read the manual page for the echo command by writing: man echo
man is a command for displaying a manual page on a given topic. The man command takes the name of the manual page to display as an argument. There are manual pages for almost every command on most computers. There are also manual pages for many other things, such as system libraries and important files.
Every program on your computer can be used as a command in fish. If the program file is located in one of the directories in the PATH, it is sufficient to type the name of the program to use it. Otherwise the whole filename, including the directory (like /home/me/code/checkers/checkers or ../checkers) has to be used.
Here is a list of some useful commands:
cd, change the current directoryls, list files and directoriesman, display a manual page on the screenmv, move (rename) filescp, copy filesopen, open files with the default application associated with each filetypeless, list the contents of filesCommands and parameters are separated by the space character ' '. Every command ends with either a newline (i.e. by pressing the return key) or a semicolon ';'. More than one command can be written on the same line by separating them with semicolons.
A switch is a very common special type of argument. Switches almost always start with one or more hyphens '-' and alter the way a command operates. For example, the 'ls' command usually lists all the files and directories in the current working directory, but by using the '-l' switch, the behavior of 'ls' is changed to not only display the filename, but also the size, permissions, owner and modification time of each file.
Switches differ between commands and are documented in the manual page for each command. Some switches are common to most command though, for example '--help' will usually display a help text, '-i' will often turn on interactive prompting before taking action, while '-f' will turn it off.
Sometimes features such as parameter expansion and character escapes get in the way. When that happens, the user can write a parameter within quotes, either ' (single quote) or " (double quote). There is one important difference between single quoted and double quoted strings: When using double quoted string, variable expansion still takes place. Other than that, no other kind of expansion (including brace expansion and parameter expansion) will take place, the parameter may contain spaces, and escape sequences are ignored. The only backslash escape accepted within single quotes is \', which escapes a single quote and \\, which escapes the backslash symbol. The only backslash escapes accepted within double quotes are \", which escapes a double quote, \$, which escapes a dollar character, \ followed by a newline, which deletes the backslash and the newline, and lastly \\, which escapes the backslash symbol. Single quotes have no special meaning within double quotes and vice versa.
Example:
rm "cumbersome filename.txt"
Will remove the file 'cumbersome filename.txt', while
rm cumbersome filename.txt
would remove the two files 'cumbersome' and 'filename.txt'.
Some characters can not be written directly on the command line. For these characters, so called escape sequences are provided. These are:
\a' represents the alert character\b' represents the backspace character\e' represents the escape character\f' represents the form feed character\n' represents a newline character\r' represents the carriage return character\t' represents the tab character\v' represents the vertical tab character\ ' escapes the space character\$' escapes the dollar character\\' escapes the backslash character\*' escapes the star character\?' escapes the question mark character\~' escapes the tilde character\%' escapes the percent character\#' escapes the hash character\(' escapes the left parenthesis character\)' escapes the right parenthesis character\{' escapes the left curly bracket character\}' escapes the right curly bracket character\[' escapes the left bracket character\]' escapes the right bracket character\<' escapes the less than character\>' escapes the more than character\^' escapes the circumflex character\&' escapes the ampersand character\|' escapes the vertical bar character\;' escapes the semicolon character\"' escapes the quote character\'' escapes the apostrophe character\xxx', where xx is a hexadecimal number, represents the ascii character with the specified value. For example, \x9 is the tab character.\Xxx', where xx is a hexadecimal number, represents a byte of data with the specified value. If you are using a multibyte encoding, this can be used to enter invalid strings. Only use this if you know what you are doing.\ooo', where ooo is an octal number, represents the ascii character with the specified value. For example, \011 is the tab character.\uxxxx', where xxxx is a hexadecimal number, represents the 16-bit Unicode character with the specified value. For example, \u9 is the tab character.\Uxxxxxxxx', where xxxxxxxx is a hexadecimal number, represents the 32-bit Unicode character with the specified value. For example, \U9 is the tab character.\cx', where x is a letter of the alphabet, represents the control sequence generated by pressing the control key and the specified letter. For example, \ci is the tab characterMost programs use three input/output (IO) streams, each represented by a number called a file descriptor (FD). These are:
The reason for providing for two output file descriptors is to allow separation of errors and warnings from regular program output.
Any file descriptor can be directed to a different output than its default through a simple mechanism called a redirection.
An example of a file redirection is echo hello > output.txt, which directs the output of the echo command to the file output.txt.
<SOURCE_FILE>DESTINATION^DESTINATION>>DESTINATION_FILE^^DESTINATION_FILEDESTINATION can be one of the following:
&) followed by the number of another file descriptor. The output will be written to that file descriptor instead.&-). The file descriptor will be closed.Example:
To redirect both standard output and standard error to the file 'all_output.txt', you can write echo Hello > all_output.txt ^&1.
Any file descriptor can be redirected in an arbitrary way by prefixing the redirection with the file descriptor.
N<DESTINATIONN>DESTINATIONN>>DESTINATION_FILEExample: echo Hello 2>output.stderr and echo Hello ^output.stderr are equivalent, and write the standard error (file descriptor 2) of the target program to output.stderr.
The user can string together multiple commands into a so called pipeline. This means that the standard output of one command will be read in as standard input into the next command. This is done by separating the commands by the pipe character '|'. For example
cat foo.txt | head
will call the cat program with the parameter 'foo.txt', which will print the contents of the file 'foo.txt'. The contents of foo.txt will then be filtered through the program 'head', which will pass on the first ten lines of the file to the screen. For more information on how to combine commands through pipes, read the manual pages of the commands you want to use using the man command. If you want to find out more about the cat program, type man cat.
Pipes usually connect file descriptor 1 (standard output) of the first process to file descriptor 0 (standard input) of the second process. It is possible use a different output file descriptor by prepending the desired FD number and then output redirect symbol to the pipe. For example:
make fish 2>| less
will attempt to build the fish program, and any errors will be shown using the less pager.
When you start a job in fish, fish itself will pause, and give control of the terminal to the program just started. Sometimes, you want to continue using the commandline, and have the job run in the background. To create a background job, append an & (ampersand) to your command. This will tell fish to run the job in the background. Background jobs are very useful when running programs that have a graphical user interface.
Example:
emacs &
will start the emacs text editor in the background.
Most programs allow you to suspend the program's execution and return control to fish by pressing Control-Z (also referred to as ^Z). Once back at the fish commandline, you can start other programs and do anything you want. If you then want you can go back to the suspended command by using the fg (foreground) command.
If you instead want to put a suspended job into the background, use the bg command.
To get a listing of all currently started jobs, use the jobs command.
Functions are programs written in the fish syntax. They group together one or more commands and their arguments using a single name. It can also be used to start a specific command with additional arguments.
For example, the following is a function definition that calls the command ls with the argument '-l' to print a detailed listing of the contents of the current directory:
function ll ls -l $argv end
The first line tells fish that a function by the name of ll is to be defined. To use it, simply write ll on the commandline. The second line tells fish that the command ls -l $argv should be called when ll is invoked. '$argv' is an array variable, which always contains all arguments sent to the function. In the example above, these are simply passed on to the ls command. For more information on functions, see the documentation for the function builtin.
One of the most common uses for functions is to slightly alter the behavior of an already existing command. For example, one might want to redefine the ls command to display colors. The switch for turning on colors on GNU systems is '--color=auto'. An alias, or wrapper, around ls might look like this:
function ls command ls --color=auto $argv end
There are a few important things that need to be noted about aliases:
$argv variable to the list of parameters to the wrapped command. This makes sure that if the user specifies any additional parameters to the function, they are passed on to the underlying command.command in order to tell fish that the function should not call itself, but rather a command with the same name. Failing to do so will cause infinite recursion bugs.To easily create a function of this form, you can use the alias command.
Functions can be defined on the commandline or in a configuration file, but they can also be automatically loaded. This method of defining functions has several advantages. An autoloaded function becomes available automatically to all running shells. If the function definition is changed, all running shells will automatically reload the altered version. Startup time and memory usage is improved, etc.
Fish automatically searches through any directories in the array variable $fish_function_path, and any functions defined are automatically loaded when needed. A function definition file must have a filename consisting of the name of the function plus the suffix '.fish'.
By default, Fish searches the following for functions, using the first available file that it finds:
~/.config/fish/functions (controlled by the XDG_CONFIG_HOME environment variable)./etc/fish/functions./usr/share/fish/vendor_functions.d./usr/share/fish/functions.These paths are controlled by parameters set at build, install, or run time, and may vary from the defaults listed above.
This wide search may be confusing. If you are unsure, your functions probably belong in ~/.config/fish/functions.
It is very important that function definition files only contain the definition for the specified function and nothing else. Otherwise, it is possible that autoloading a function files requires that the function already be loaded, which creates a circular dependency.
Autoloading also won't work for event handlers, since fish cannot know that a function is supposed to be executed when an event occurs when it hasn't yet loaded the function. See the event handlers section for more information.
Autoloading is not applicable to functions created by the alias command. For functions simple enough that you prefer to use the alias command to define them you'll need to put those commands in your ~/.config/fish/config.fish script or some other script run when the shell starts.
If you are developing another program, you may wish to install functions which are available for all users of the fish shell on a system. They can be installed to the "vendor" functions directory. As this path may vary from system to system, the pkgconfig framework should be used to discover this path with the output of pkg-config --variable functionsdir fish.
There are four fish builtins that let you execute commands only if a specific criterion is met. These builtins are if, switch, and and or.
The switch command is used to execute one of possibly many blocks of commands depending on the value of a string. See the documentation for switch for more information.
The other conditionals use the exit status of a command to decide if a command or a block of commands should be executed. See the documentation for if, and and or for more information.
This is a short explanation of some of the commonly used words in fish.
fish has an extensive help system. Use the help command to obtain help on a specific subject or command. For instance, writing help syntax displays the syntax section of this documentation.
fish also has man pages for its commands. For example, man set will show the documentation for set as a man page.
Help on a specific builtin can also be obtained with the -h parameter. For instance, to obtain help on the fg builtin, either type fg -h or help fg.
fish suggests commands as you type, based on command history, completions, and valid file paths. As you type commands, you will see a suggestion offered after the cursor, in a muted gray color (which can be changed with the fish_color_autosuggestion variable).
To accept the autosuggestion (replacing the command line contents), press right arrow or Control-F. To accept the first suggested word, press Alt-→ or Alt-F. If the autosuggestion is not what you want, just ignore it: it won't execute unless you accept it.
Autosuggestions are a powerful way to quickly summon frequently entered commands, by typing the first few characters. They are also an efficient technique for navigating through directory hierarchies.
Tab completion is one of the most time saving features of any modern shell. By tapping the tab key, the user asks fish to guess the rest of the command or parameter that the user is currently typing. If fish can only find one possible completion, fish will write it out. If there is more than one completion, fish will write out the longest prefix that all completions have in common. If the completions differ on the first character, a list of all possible completions is printed. The list features descriptions of the completions and if the list doesn't fit the screen, it is scrollable by using the arrow keys, the page up/page down keys, the tab key or the space bar. Once the list has been entered, pressing any other key will start a search. If the list has not been entered, pressing any other key will exit the list and insert the pressed key into the command line.
These are the general purpose tab completions that fish provides:
*', '**' and '?'.fish provides a large number of program specific completions. Most of these completions are simple options like the -l option for ls, but some are more advanced. The latter include:
man and whatis show all installed manual pages as completions.make program uses all targets in the Makefile in the current directory as completions.mount command uses all mount points specified in fstab as completions.ssh command uses all hosts that are stored in the known_hosts file as completions. (See the ssh documentation for more information)su command uses all users on the system as completions.apt-get, rpm and yum commands use all installed packages as completions.Specifying your own completions is not difficult. To specify a completion, use the complete command. complete takes as a parameter the name of the command to specify a completion for. For example, to add a completion for the program myprog, one would start the completion command with complete -c myprog ...
To provide a list of possible completions for myprog, use the -a switch. If myprog accepts the arguments start and stop, this can be specified as complete -c myprog -a 'start stop'. The argument to the -a switch is always a single string. At completion time, it will be tokenized on spaces and tabs, and variable expansion, command substitution and other forms of parameter expansion will take place.
fish has a special syntax to support specifying switches accepted by a command. The switches -s, -l and -o are used to specify a short switch (single character, such as -l), a gnu style long switch (such as '--color') and an old-style long switch (like '-shuffle'), respectively. If the command 'myprog' has an option '-o' which can also be written as '--output', and which can take an additional value of either 'yes' or 'no', this can be specified by writing:
complete -c myprog -s o -l output -a "yes no"
There are also special switches for specifying that a switch requires an argument, to disable filename completion, to create completions that are only available in some combinations, etc.. For a complete description of the various switches accepted by the complete command, see the documentation for the complete builtin, or write complete --help inside the fish shell.
For examples of how to write your own complex completions, study the completions in /usr/share/fish/completions. (The exact path depends on your chosen installation prefix and may be slightly different)
fish ships with several functions that are very useful when writing command specific completions. Most of these functions name begins with the string '__fish_'. Such functions are internal to fish and their name and interface may change in future fish versions. Still, some of them may be very useful when writing completions. A few of these functions are described here. Be aware that they may be removed or changed in future versions of fish.
Functions beginning with the string __fish_print_ print a newline separated list of strings. For example, __fish_print_filesystems prints a list of all known file systems. Functions beginning with __fish_complete_ print out a newline separated list of completions with descriptions. The description is separated from the completion by a tab character.
__fish_complete_directories STRING DESCRIPTION performs path completion on STRING, allowing only directories, and giving them the description DESCRIPTION.__fish_complete_path STRING DESCRIPTION performs path completion on STRING, giving them the description DESCRIPTION.__fish_complete_groups prints a list of all user groups with the groups members as description.__fish_complete_pids prints a list of all processes IDs with the command name as description.__fish_complete_suffix SUFFIX performs file completion allowing only files ending in SUFFIX, with an optional description.__fish_complete_users prints a list of all users with their full name as description.__fish_print_filesystems prints a list of all known file systems. Currently, this is a static list, and not dependent on what file systems the host operating system actually understands.__fish_print_hostnames prints a list of all known hostnames. This functions searches the fstab for nfs servers, ssh for known hosts and checks the /etc/hosts file.__fish_print_interfaces prints a list of all known network interfaces.__fish_print_packages prints a list of all installed packages. This function currently handles Debian, rpm and Gentoo packages.Completions can be defined on the commandline or in a configuration file, but they can also be automatically loaded. Fish automatically searches through any directories in the array variable $fish_complete_path, and any completions defined are automatically loaded when needed. A completion file must have a filename consisting of the name of the command to complete and the suffix '.fish'.
By default, Fish searches the following for completions, using the first available file that it finds:
~/.config/fish/completions (controlled by the XDG_CONFIG_HOME environment variable);/etc/fish/completions;/usr/share/fish/vendor_completions.d;/usr/share/fish/completions; and~/.local/share/fish/generated_completions.These paths are controlled by parameters set at build, install, or run time, and may vary from the defaults listed above.
This wide search may be confusing. If you are unsure, your completions probably belong in ~/.config/fish/completions.
If you have written new completions for a common Unix command, please consider sharing your work by submitting it via the instructions in Further help and development.
If you are developing another program and would like to ship completions with your program, install them to the "vendor" completions directory. As this path may vary from system to system, the pkgconfig framework should be used to discover this path with the output of pkg-config --variable completionsdir fish.
When an argument for a program is given on the commandline, it undergoes the process of parameter expansion before it is sent on to the command. Parameter expansion is a powerful mechanism that allows you to expand the parameter in various ways, including performing wildcard matching on files, inserting the value of a shell variable into the parameter or even using the output of another command as a parameter list.
If a star (*) or a question mark (?) is present in the parameter, fish attempts to match the given parameter to any files in such a way that:
? can match any single character except '/'.* can match any string of characters not containing '/'. This includes matching an empty string.** matches any string of characters. This includes matching an empty string. The matched string may include the / character; that is, it recurses into subdirectories. Note that augmenting this wildcard with other strings will not match files in the current working directory ($PWD) if you separate the strings with a slash ("/"). This is unlike other shells such as zsh. For example, **\/*.fish in zsh will match .fish files in the PWD but in fish will only match such files in a subdirectory. In fish you should type ***.fish to match files in the PWD as well as subdirectories.Other shells, such as zsh, provide a rich glob syntax for restricting the files matched by globs. For example, **(.), to only match regular files. Fish prefers to defer such features to programs, such as find, rather than reinventing the wheel. Thus, if you want to limit the wildcard expansion to just regular files the fish approach is to define and use a function. For example,
function ff --description 'Like ** but only returns plain files.' # This also ignores .git directories. find . \( -name .git -type d -prune \) -o -type f | \ sed -n -e '/^\.\/\.git$/n' -e 's/^\.\///p' end
You would then use it in place of ** like this, my_prog (ff), to pass only regular files in or below $PWD to my_prog.
Wildcard matches are sorted case insensitively. When sorting matches containing numbers, consecutive digits are considered to be one element, so that the strings '1' '5' and '12' would be sorted in the order given.
File names beginning with a dot are not considered when wildcarding unless a dot is specifically given as the first character of the file name.
Examples:
a* matches any files beginning with an 'a' in the current directory.??? matches any file in the current directory whose name is exactly three characters long.** matches any files and directories in the current directory and all of its subdirectories.Note that for most commands, if any wildcard fails to expand, the command is not executed, $status is set to nonzero, and a warning is printed. This behavior is consistent with setting shopt -s failglob in bash. There are exactly 3 exceptions, namely set, count and for. Their globs are permitted to expand to zero arguments, as with shopt -s nullglob in bash.
Examples:
ls *.foo # Lists the .foo files, or warns if there aren't any. set foos *.foo if count $foos >/dev/null ls $foos end # Lists the .foo files, if any.
The output of a series of commands can be used as the parameters to another command. If a parameter contains a set of parenthesis, the text enclosed by the parenthesis will be interpreted as a list of commands. On expansion, this list is executed, and substituted by the output. If the output is more than one line long, each line will be expanded to a new parameter. Setting IFS to the empty string will disable line splitting.
The exit status of the last run command substitution is available in the status variable.
Only part of the output can be used, see index range expansion for details.
Examples:
echo (basename image.jpg .jpg).png # Outputs 'image.png'. for i in *.jpg; convert $i (basename $i .jpg).png; end # Convert all JPEG files in the current directory to the # PNG format using the 'convert' program. begin; set -l IFS; set data (cat data.txt); end # Set the `data` variable to the contents of 'data.txt' # without splitting it into an array.
A comma separated list of characters enclosed in curly braces will be expanded so each element of the list becomes a new parameter.
Examples:
echo input.{c,h,txt} # Outputs 'input.c input.h input.txt' mv *.{c,h} src/ # Moves all files with the suffix '.c' or '.h' to the subdirectory src.
A dollar sign followed by a string of characters is expanded into the value of the shell variable with the same name. For an introduction to the concept of shell variables, read the Shell variables section.
Undefined and empty variables expand to nothing.
To separate a variable name from text encase the variable within double-quotes or braces.
Examples:
echo $HOME # Prints the home directory of the current user. echo $nonexistentvariable # Prints no output. echo The plural of $WORD is "$WORD"s # Prints "The plural of cat is cats" when $WORD is set to cat. echo The plural of $WORD is {$WORD}s # ditto
Note that without the quotes or braces, fish will try to expand a variable called $WORDs, which may not exist.
The latter syntax {$WORD} works by exploiting brace expansion; care should be taken with zero-element array variables and undefined variables, as these expand as a cartesian product, so they eliminate the string.
Variable expansion is the only type of expansion performed on double quoted strings. There is, however, an important difference in how variables are expanded when quoted and when unquoted. An unquoted variable expansion will result in a variable number of arguments. For example, if the variable $foo has zero elements or is undefined, the argument $foo will expand to zero elements. If the variable $foo is an array of five elements, the argument $foo will expand to five elements. When quoted, like "$foo", a variable expansion will always result in exactly one argument. Undefined variables will expand to the empty string, and array variables will be concatenated using the space character.
There is one further notable feature of fish variable expansion. Consider the following code snippet:
set foo a b c set a 10; set b 20; set c 30 for i in (seq (count $$foo)) echo $$foo[$i] end # Output is: # 10 # 20 # 30
The above code demonstrates how to use multiple '$' symbols to expand the value of a variable as a variable name. One can think of the $ symbol as a variable dereference operator. When using this feature together with array brackets, the brackets will always match the innermost $ dereference. Thus, $$foo[5] will always mean the fifth element of the foo variable should be dereferenced, not the fifth element of the doubly dereferenced variable foo. The latter can instead be expressed as $$foo[1][5].
Lists adjacent to other lists or strings are expanded as cartesian products:
Examples:
> echo {good,bad}" apples" good apples bad apples > set -l a x y z > set -l b 1 2 3 > echo $a$b x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 x3 y3 z3 > echo $a"-"$b x-1 y-1 z-1 x-2 y-2 z-2 x-3 y-3 z-3 > echo {x,y,z}$b x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 x3 y3 z3 > echo {$b}word 1word 2word 3word
Be careful when you try to use braces to separate variable names from text. The dangers noted in the last example above can be avoided by wrapping the variable in double quotes instead of braces (echo "$b"word).
Both command substitution and shell variable expansion support accessing only specific items by providing a set of indices in square brackets. It's often needed to access a sequence of elements. To do this, use the range operator '..' for this. A range 'a..b', where range limits 'a' and 'b' are integer numbers, is expanded into a sequence of indices 'a a+1 a+2 ... b' or 'a a-1 a-2 ... b' depending on which of 'a' or 'b' is higher. The negative range limits are calculated from the end of the array or command substitution. Note that invalid indexes for either end are silently clamped to one or the size of the array as appropriate.
Some examples:
# Limit the command substitution output echo (seq 10)[2..5] # Uses elements from 2 to 5 # Output is: 2 3 4 5 # Use overlapping ranges: echo (seq 10)[2..5 1..3] # Takes elements from 2 to 5 and then elements from 1 to 3 # Output is: 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 # Reverse output echo (seq 10)[-1..1] # Uses elements from the last output line to # the first one in reverse direction # Output is: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The same works when setting or expanding variables:
# Reverse path variable set PATH $PATH[-1..1] # or set PATH[-1..1] $PATH # Use only n last items of the PATH set n -3 echo $PATH[$n..-1]
Note that variables can be used as indices for expansion of variables, but not command substitution.
The ~ (tilde) character at the beginning of a parameter, followed by a username, is expanded into the home directory of the specified user. A lone ~, or a ~ followed by a slash, is expanded into the home directory of the process owner.
The % (percent) character at the beginning of a parameter followed by a string is expanded into a process ID (PID). The following expansions are performed:
self, the shell's PID is the result.last, the last job's PID is the result.This form of expansion is useful for commands like kill and fg, which take process IDs as arguments.
Example:
fg %ema will search for a process whose command line begins with the letters 'ema', such as emacs, and if found, put it in the foreground.
kill -s SIGINT %3 will send the SIGINT signal to the job with job ID 3.
All of the above expansions can be combined. If several expansions result in more than one parameter, all possible combinations are created.
When combining multiple parameter expansions, expansions are performed in the following order:
Expansions are performed from right to left, nested bracket expansions are performed from the inside and out.
Example:
If the current directory contains the files 'foo' and 'bar', the command echo a(ls){1,2,3} will output 'abar1 abar2 abar3 afoo1 afoo2 afoo3'.
The names given to shell objects such as variables and function names are known as "identifiers". Each type of identifier has rules that define the valid sequence of characters which compose the identifier.
A variable name cannot be empty. It can contain only letters, digits, and underscores. It may begin and end with any of those characters.
A function name cannot be empty. It may not begin with a hyphen ("-") and may not contain a slash ("/"). All other characters, including a space, are valid.
A bind mode name (e.g., bind -m abc ...) is restricted to the rules for valid variable names.
Shell variables are named pieces of data, which can be created, deleted and their values changed and used by the user. Variables may optionally be "exported", so that a copy of the variable is available to any subprocesses the shell creates. An exported variable is referred to as an "environment variable".
To set a variable value, use the set command. A variable name can not be empty and can contain only letters, digits, and underscores. It may begin and end with any of those characters.
Example:
To set the variable smurf_color to the value blue, use the command set smurf_color blue.
After a variable has been set, you can use the value of a variable in the shell through variable expansion.
Example:
To use the value of the variable smurf_color, write $ (dollar symbol) followed by the name of the variable, like echo Smurfs are usually $smurf_color, which would print the result 'Smurfs are usually blue'.
There are three kinds of variables in fish: universal, global and local variables. Universal variables are shared between all fish sessions a user is running on one computer. Global variables are specific to the current fish session, but are not associated with any specific block scope, and will never be erased unless the user explicitly requests it using set -e. Local variables are specific to the current fish session, and associated with a specific block of commands, and is automatically erased when a specific block goes out of scope. A block of commands is a series of commands that begins with one of the commands for, while , if, function, begin or switch, and ends with the command end. The user can specify that a variable should have either global or local scope using the -g/--global or -l/--local switches.
Variables can be explicitly set to be universal with the -U or --universal switch, global with the -g or --global switch, or local with the -l or --local switch. The scoping rules when creating or updating a variable are:
-l or --local flag. If one of those flags is used, the variable will be local to the most inner currently executing block, while without these the variable will be local to the function. If no function is executing, the variable will be global.There may be many variables with the same name, but different scopes. When using a variable, the variable scope will be searched from the inside out, i.e. a local variable will be used rather than a global variable with the same name, a global variable will be used rather than a universal variable with the same name.
Example:
The following code will not output anything:
begin # This is a nice local scope where all variables will die set -l pirate 'There be treasure in them thar hills' end echo $pirate # This will not output anything, since the pirate was local
Universal variables are variables that are shared between all the users' fish sessions on the computer. Fish stores many of its configuration options as universal variables. This means that in order to change fish settings, all you have to do is change the variable value once, and it will be automatically updated for all sessions, and preserved across computer reboots and login/logout.
To see universal variables in action, start two fish sessions side by side, and issue the following command in one of them set fish_color_cwd blue. Since fish_color_cwd is a universal variable, the color of the current working directory listing in the prompt will instantly change to blue on both terminals.
Universal variables are stored in the file .config/fish/fishd.MACHINE_ID, where MACHINE_ID is typically your MAC address. Do not edit this file directly, as your edits may be overwritten. Edit them through fish scripts or by using fish interactively instead.
Do not append to universal variables in config.fish, because these variables will then get longer with each new shell instance. Instead, simply set them once at the command line.
When calling a function, all current local variables temporarily disappear. This shadowing of the local scope is needed since the variable namespace would become cluttered, making it very easy to accidentally overwrite variables from another function.
For example:
function shiver set phrase 'Shiver me timbers' end function avast set phrase 'Avast, mateys' # Calling the shiver function here can not # change any variables in the local scope shiver echo $phrase end avast # Outputs "Avast, mateys"
Variables in fish can be exported. This means the variable will be inherited by any commands started by fish. It is convention that exported variables are in uppercase and unexported variables are in lowercase.
Variables can be explicitly set to be exported with the -x or --export switch, or not exported with the -u or --unexport switch. The exporting rules when creating or updating a variable are identical to the scoping rules for variables:
fish can store a list of multiple strings inside of a variable. To access one element of an array, use the index of the element inside of square brackets, like this:
echo $PATH[3]
Note that array indices start at 1 in fish, not 0, as is more common in other languages. This is because many common Unix tools like seq are more suited to such use. An invalid index is silently ignored resulting in no value being substituted (not an empty string).
If you do not use any brackets, all the elements of the array will be written as separate items. This means you can easily iterate over an array using this syntax:
for i in $PATH; echo $i is in the path; end
To create a variable smurf, containing the items blue and small, simply write:
set smurf blue small
It is also possible to set or erase individual elements of an array:
# Set smurf to be an array with the elements 'blue' and 'small' set smurf blue small # Change the second element of smurf to 'evil' set smurf[2] evil # Erase the first element set -e smurf[1] # Output 'evil' echo $smurf
If you specify a negative index when expanding or assigning to an array variable, the index will be calculated from the end of the array. For example, the index -1 means the last index of an array.
A range of indices can be specified, see index range expansion for details.
All arrays are one-dimensional and cannot contain other arrays, although it is possible to fake nested arrays using the dereferencing rules of variable expansion.
fish automatically creates arrays from the variables PATH, CDPATH and MANPATH when it is started. (Previous versions created arrays from all colon-delimited environment variables.)
The user can change the settings of fish by changing the values of certain variables.
fish_color and fish_pager_color. See Variables for changing highlighting colors for more information.fish_escape_delay_ms overrides the default timeout of 300ms (default key bindings) or 10ms (vi key bindings) after seeing an escape character before giving up on matching a key binding. See the documentation for the bind builtin command. This delay facilitates using escape as a meta key.fish_greeting, the greeting message printed on startup.fish_history, the current history session name. If set, all subsequent commands within an interactive fish session will be logged to a separate file identified by the value of the variable. If unset, or set to default, the default session name "fish" is used. If set to an empty string, history is not saved to disk (but is still available within the interactive session).fish_user_paths, an array of directories that are prepended to PATH. This can be a universal variable.umask, the current file creation mask. The preferred way to change the umask variable is through the umask function. An attempt to set umask to an invalid value will always fail.BROWSER, the user's preferred web browser. If this variable is set, fish will use the specified browser instead of the system default browser to display the fish documentation.CDPATH, an array of directories in which to search for the new directory for the cd builtin.LANG, LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC and LC_TIME set the language option for the shell and subprograms. See the section Locale variables for more information.PATH, an array of directories in which to search for commandsfish also sends additional information to the user through the values of certain environment variables. The user cannot change the values of most of these variables.
_, the name of the currently running command.argv, an array of arguments to the shell or function. argv is only defined when inside a function call, or if fish was invoked with a list of arguments, like fish myscript.fish foo bar. This variable can be changed by the user.history, an array containing the last commands that were entered.HOME, the user's home directory. This variable can be changed by the user.IFS, the internal field separator that is used for word splitting with the read builtin. Setting this to the empty string will also disable line splitting in command substitution. This variable can be changed by the user.PWD, the current working directory.status, the exit status of the last foreground job to exit. If the job was terminated through a signal, the exit status will be 128 plus the signal number.USER, the current username. This variable can be changed by the user.CMD_DURATION, the runtime of the last command in milliseconds.FISH_VERSION, the version of the currently running fishSHLVL, the level of nesting of shellsCOLUMNS and LINES, the current size of the terminal in height and width. These values are only used by fish if the operating system does not report the size of the terminal. Both variables must be set in that case otherwise a default of 80x24 will be used. They are updated when the window size changes.The names of these variables are mostly derived from the csh family of shells and differ from the ones used by Bourne style shells such as bash.
Variables whose name are in uppercase are exported to the commands started by fish, while those in lowercase are not exported. This rule is not enforced by fish, but it is good coding practice to use casing to distinguish between exported and unexported variables. fish also uses several variables internally. Such variables are prefixed with the string __FISH or __fish. These should never be used by the user. Changing their value may break fish.
Whenever a process exits, an exit status is returned to the program that started it (usually the shell). This exit status is an integer number, which tells the calling application how the execution of the command went. In general, a zero exit status means that the command executed without problem, but a non-zero exit status means there was some form of problem.
Fish stores the exit status of the last process in the last job to exit in the status variable.
If fish encounters a problem while executing a command, the status variable may also be set to a specific value:
If a process exits through a signal, the exit status will be 128 plus the number of the signal.
The colors used by fish for syntax highlighting can be configured by changing the values of a various variables. The value of these variables can be one of the colors accepted by the set_color command. The --bold or -b switches accepted by set_color are also accepted.
The following variables are available to change the highlighting colors in fish:
fish_color_normal, the default colorfish_color_command, the color for commandsfish_color_quote, the color for quoted blocks of textfish_color_redirection, the color for IO redirectionsfish_color_end, the color for process separators like ';' and '&'fish_color_error, the color used to highlight potential errorsfish_color_param, the color for regular command parametersfish_color_comment, the color used for code commentsfish_color_match, the color used to highlight matching parenthesisfish_color_search_match, the color used to highlight history search matchesfish_color_operator, the color for parameter expansion operators like '*' and '~'fish_color_escape, the color used to highlight character escapes like '\n' and '\x70'fish_color_cwd, the color used for the current working directory in the default promptfish_color_autosuggestion, the color used for autosuggestionsfish_color_user, the color used to print the current username in some of fish default promptsfish_color_host, the color used to print the current host system in some of fish default promptsfish_color_cancel, the color for the '^C' indicator on a canceled commandAdditionally, the following variables are available to change the highlighting in the completion pager:
fish_pager_color_prefix, the color of the prefix string, i.e. the string that is to be completedfish_pager_color_completion, the color of the completion itselffish_pager_color_description, the color of the completion descriptionfish_pager_color_progress, the color of the progress bar at the bottom left cornerfish_pager_color_secondary, the background color of the every second completionExample:
To make errors highlighted and red, use:
set fish_color_error red --bold
The most common way to set the locale to use a command like 'set -x LANG en_GB.utf8', which sets the current locale to be the English language, as used in Great Britain, using the UTF-8 character set. For a list of available locales, use 'locale -a'.
LANG, LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC and LC_TIME set the language option for the shell and subprograms. These variables work as follows: LC_ALL forces all the aspects of the locale to the specified value. If LC_ALL is set, all other locale variables will be ignored. The other LC_ variables set the specified aspect of the locale information. LANG is a fallback value, it will be used if none of the LC_ variables are specified.
Many other shells have a large library of builtin commands. Most of these commands are also available as standalone commands, but have been implemented in the shell anyway. To avoid code duplication, and to avoid the confusion of subtly differing versions of the same command, fish generally only implements builtins for actions which cannot be performed by a regular command.
For a list of all builtins, functions and commands shipped with fish, see the table of contents. The documentation is also available by using the --help switch of the command.
The fish editor features copy and paste, a searchable history and many editor functions that can be bound to special keyboard shortcuts.
Similar to bash, fish has Emacs and Vi editing modes. The default editing mode is Emacs. You can switch to Vi mode with fish_vi_key_bindings and switch back with fish_default_key_bindings. You can also make your own key bindings by creating a function and setting $fish_key_bindings to its name. For example:
function hybrid_bindings --description "Vi-style bindings that inherit emacs-style bindings in all modes" for mode in default insert visual fish_default_key_bindings -M $mode end fish_vi_key_bindings --no-erase end set -g fish_key_bindings hybrid_bindings
Some bindings are shared between emacs- and vi-mode because they aren't text editing bindings or because what Vi/Vim does for a particular key doesn't make sense for a shell.
| less;' to the end of the job under the cursor. The result is that the output of the command will be paged.$VISUAL or $EDITOR variables.You can change these key bindings using the bind builtin command.
Vi mode allows for the use of Vi-like commands at the prompt. Initially, insert mode is active. Escape enters command mode. The commands available in command, insert and visual mode are described below. Vi mode shares some bindings with Emacs mode.
It is also possible to add all emacs-mode bindings to vi-mode by using something like
function fish_user_key_bindings # Execute this once per mode that emacs bindings should be used in fish_default_key_bindings -M insert # Without an argument, fish_vi_key_bindings will default to # resetting all bindings. # The argument specifies the initial mode (insert, "default" or visual). fish_vi_key_bindings insert end
When in vi-mode, the fish_mode_prompt function will display a mode indicator to the left of the prompt. The fish_vi_cursor function will be used to change the cursor's shape depending on the mode in supported terminals. To disable this feature, override it with an empty function. To display the mode elsewhere (like in your right prompt), use the output of the fish_default_mode_prompt function.
Command mode is also known as normal mode.
fish uses an Emacs style kill ring for copy and paste functionality. Use Control-K to cut from the current cursor position to the end of the line. The string that is cut (a.k.a. killed) is inserted into a linked list of kills, called the kill ring. To paste the latest value from the kill ring use Control-Y. After pasting, use Alt-Y to rotate to the previous kill.
Copy and paste from outside are also supported, both via the Control-X / Control-V bindings and via the terminal's paste function, for which fish enables "Bracketed Paste Mode". When pasting inside single quotes, pasted single quotes and backslashes are automatically escaped so that the result can be used as a single token simply by closing the quote after.
After a command has been entered, it is inserted at the end of a history list. Any duplicate history items are automatically removed. By pressing the up and down keys, the user can search forwards and backwards in the history. If the current command line is not empty when starting a history search, only the commands containing the string entered into the command line are shown.
By pressing Alt-↑ and Alt-↓, a history search is also performed, but instead of searching for a complete commandline, each commandline is broken into separate elements just like it would be before execution, and the history is searched for an element matching that under the cursor.
History searches can be aborted by pressing the escape key.
Prefixing the commandline with a space will prevent the entire line from being stored in the history.
The command history is stored in the file ~/.local/share/fish/fish_history (or $XDG_DATA_HOME/fish/fish_history if that variable is set) by default. However, you can set the fish_history environment variable to change the name of the history session (resulting in a <session>_history file); both before starting the shell and while the shell is running.
Examples:
To search for previous entries containing the word 'make', type make in the console and press the up key.
If the commandline reads cd m, place the cursor over the m character and press Alt-↑ to search for previously typed words containing 'm'.
The fish commandline editor can be used to work on commands that are several lines long. There are three ways to make a command span more than a single line:
for, begin or if do not have a corresponding end command.\) character before pressing the Enter key, escaping the newline.The fish commandline editor works exactly the same in single line mode and in multiline mode. To move between lines use the left and right arrow keys and other such keyboard shortcuts.
Normally when fish starts a program, this program will be put in the foreground, meaning it will take control of the terminal and fish will be stopped until the program finishes. Sometimes this is not desirable. For example, you may wish to start an application with a graphical user interface from the terminal, and then be able to continue using the shell. In such cases, there are several ways in which the user can change fish's behavior.
& (ampersand) symbol, the user tells fish to put the specified command into the background. A background process will be run simultaneous with fish. fish will retain control of the terminal, so the program will not be able to read from the keyboard.fish. Some programs do not support this feature, or remap it to another key. GNU Emacs uses Control-X z to stop running.fg and bg builtin commands, the user can send any currently running job into the foreground or background.Note that functions cannot be started in the background. Functions that are stopped and then restarted in the background using the bg command will not execute correctly.
On startup, Fish evaluates a number of configuration files, which can be used to control the behavior of the shell. The location of these configuration variables is controlled by a number of environment variables, and their default or usual location is given below.
Configuration files are evaluated in the following order:
$__fish_datadir/config.fish (usually /usr/share/fish/config.fish)./etc/profile for POSIX-style shells - in $__fish_sysconfdir (usually /etc/fish/config.fish);Configuration snippets in files ending in .fish, in the directories:
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/fish/conf.d (by default, ~/.config/fish/conf.d/)$__fish_sysconfdir/conf.d (by default, /etc/fish/conf.d)/usr/share/fish/vendor_conf.d (set at compile time; by default, $__fish_datadir/conf.d)If there are multiple files with the same name in these directories, only the first will be executed. They are executed in order of their filename, sorted (like globs) in a natural order (i.e. "01" sorts before "2").
~/.config/fish/config.fish (controlled by the XDG_CONFIG_HOME environment variable).These paths are controlled by parameters set at build, install, or run time, and may vary from the defaults listed above.
This wide search may be confusing. If you are unsure where to put your own customisations, use ~/.config/fish/config.fish.
Note that ~/.config/fish/config.fish is sourced after the snippets. This is so users can copy snippets and override some of their behavior.
These files are all executed on the startup of every shell. If you want to run a command only on starting an interactive shell, use the exit status of the command status --is-interactive to determine if the shell is interactive. If you want to run a command only when using a login shell, use status --is-login instead. This will speed up the starting of non-interactive or non-login shells.
If you are developing another program, you may wish to install configuration which is run for all users of the fish shell on a system. This is discouraged; if not carefully written, they may have side-effects or slow the startup of the shell. Additionally, users of other shells will not benefit from the Fish-specific configuration. However, if they are absolutely required, you may install them to the "vendor" configuration directory. As this path may vary from system to system, the pkgconfig framework should be used to discover this path with the output of pkg-config --variable confdir fish.
Examples:
If you want to add the directory ~/linux/bin to your PATH variable when using a login shell, add the following to your ~/.config/fish/config.fish file:
if status --is-login set -x PATH $PATH ~/linux/bin end
If you want to run a set of commands when fish exits, use an event handler that is triggered by the exit of the shell:
function on_exit --on-process %self echo fish is now exiting end
fish interprets the command line as it is typed and uses syntax highlighting to provide feedback to the user. The most important feedback is the detection of potential errors. By default, errors are marked red.
Detected errors include:
When the cursor is over a parenthesis or a quote, fish also highlights its matching quote or parenthesis.
To customize the syntax highlighting, you can set the environment variables listed in the Variables for changing highlighting colors section.
When using most virtual terminals, it is possible to set the message displayed in the titlebar of the terminal window. This can be done automatically in fish by defining the fish_title function. The fish_title function is executed before and after a new command is executed or put into the foreground and the output is used as a titlebar message. The $_ environment variable will always contain the name of the job to be put into the foreground (Or 'fish' if control is returning to the shell) when the fish_prompt function is called. The first argument to fish_title will contain the most recently executed foreground command as a string, starting with fish 2.2.
Examples: The default fish title is
function fish_title echo $_ ' ' pwd end
To show the last command in the title:
function fish_title echo $argv[1] end
When fish waits for input, it will display a prompt by evaluating the fish_prompt and fish_right_prompt functions. The output of the former is displayed on the left and the latter's output on the right side of the terminal. The output of fish_mode_prompt will be prepended on the left, though the default function only does this when in vi-mode.
If a function named fish_greeting exists, it will be run when entering interactive mode. Otherwise, if an environment variable named fish_greeting exists, it will be printed.
When defining a new function in fish, it is possible to make it into an event handler, i.e. a function that is automatically run when a specific event takes place. Events that can trigger a handler currently are:
Example:
To specify a signal handler for the WINCH signal, write:
function --on-signal WINCH my_signal_handler echo Got WINCH signal! end
Please note that event handlers only become active when a function is loaded, which means you might need to otherwise source or execute a function instead of relying on autoloading. One approach is to put it into your initialization file.
For more information on how to define new event handlers, see the documentation for the function command.
Fish includes a built in debugging facility. The debugger allows you to stop execution of a script at an arbitrary point. When this happens you are presented with an interactive prompt. At this prompt you can execute any fish command (there are no debug commands as such). For example, you can check or change the value of any variables using printf and set. As another example, you can run status print-stack-trace to see how this breakpoint was reached. To resume normal execution of the script, simply type exit or [ctrl-D].
To start a debug session simply run the builtin command breakpoint at the point in a function or script where you wish to gain control. Also, the default action of the TRAP signal is to call this builtin. So a running script can be debugged by sending it the TRAP signal with the kill command. Once in the debugger, it is easy to insert new breakpoints by using the funced function to edit the definition of a function.
Note: At the moment the debug prompt is identical to your normal fish prompt. This can make it hard to recognize that you've entered a debug session. Issue 1310 is open to improve this.
If you install fish in your home directory, fish will not work correctly for any other user than yourself. This is because fish needs its initialization files to function properly. To solve this problem, either copy the initialization files to each fish users home directory, or install them in /etc.
If you have a question not answered by this documentation, there are several avenues for help:
irc.oftc.netIf you have an improvement for fish, you can submit it via the mailing list or the GitHub page.