Tutorial¶
Why fish?¶
fish is a fully-equipped command line shell (like bash or zsh) that is smart and user-friendly. fish supports powerful features like syntax highlighting, autosuggestions, and tab completions that just work, with nothing to learn or configure.
If you want to make your command line more productive, more useful, and more fun, without learning a bunch of arcane syntax and configuration options, then fish might be just what you're looking for!
Getting started¶
Once installed, just type in fish into your current shell to try it out!
You will be greeted by the standard fish prompt, which means you are all set up and can start using fish:
> fish
Welcome to fish, the friendly interactive shell
Type help for instructions on how to use fish
you@hostname ~>
This prompt that you see above is the fish default prompt: it shows your username, hostname, and working directory.
- to change this prompt see how to change your prompt
- to switch to fish permanently see switch your default shell to fish.
From now on, we'll pretend your prompt is just a '>' to save space.
Learning fish¶
This tutorial assumes a basic understanding of command line shells and Unix commands, and that you have a working copy of fish.
If you have a strong understanding of other shells, and want to know what fish does differently, search for the magic phrase unlike other shells, which is used to call out important differences.
Running Commands¶
fish runs commands like other shells: you type a command, followed by its arguments. Spaces are separators:
> echo hello world
hello world
This runs the command echo with the arguments hello and world.
You can include a literal space in an argument with a backslash, or by using single or double quotes:
> mkdir My\ Files
> cp ~/Some\ File 'My Files'
> ls "My Files"
Some File
Commands can be chained with semicolons.
Getting Help¶
fish has excellent help and man pages. Run help to open help in a web browser, and man to open it in a man page. You can also ask for help with a specific command, for example, help set to open in a web browser, or man set to see it in the terminal.
> man set
set - handle shell variables
Synopsis...
Syntax Highlighting¶
You'll quickly notice that fish performs syntax highlighting as you type. Invalid commands are colored red by default
> /bin/mkd
A command may be invalid because it does not exist, or refers to a file that you cannot execute. When the command becomes valid, it is shown in a different color:
> /bin/mkdir
fish will underline valid file paths as you type them
> cat ~/somefi
This tells you that there exists a file that starts with 'somefi', which is useful feedback as you type.
These colors, and many more, can be changed by running fish_config, or by modifying variables directly.
Wildcards¶
fish supports the familiar wildcard *. To list all JPEG files:
> ls *.jpg
lena.jpg
meena.jpg
santa maria.jpg
You can include multiple wildcards:
> ls l*.p*
lena.png
lesson.pdf
Especially powerful is the recursive wildcard ** which searches directories recursively:
> ls /var/**.log
/var/log/system.log
/var/run/sntp.log
If that directory traversal is taking a long time, you can Control+C out of it.
Pipes and Redirections¶
You can pipe between commands with the usual vertical bar:
> echo hello world | wc
1 2 12
stdin and stdout can be redirected via the familiar < and >. stderr is redirected with a 2>.
> grep fish < /etc/shells > ~/output.txt 2> ~/errors.txt
To redirect stdout and stderr into one file, you need to first redirect stdout, and then stderr into stdout:
> make > make_output.txt 2>&1
Autosuggestions¶
fish suggests commands as you type, and shows the suggestion to the right of the cursor, in gray. For example
> /bin/hostname
It knows about paths and options
> grep --ignore-case
And history too. Type a command once, and you can re-summon it by just typing a few letters
> rsync -avze ssh . myname@somelonghost.com:/some/long/path/doo/dee/doo/dee/doo
To accept the autosuggestion, hit → (right arrow) or Control+F. To accept a single word of the autosuggestion, Alt+→ (right arrow). If the autosuggestion is not what you want, just ignore it.
Tab Completions¶
fish comes with a rich set of tab completions, that work "out of the box."
Press Tab, and fish will attempt to complete the command, argument, or path
> /pri Tab => /private/
If there's more than one possibility, it will list them
> ~/stuff/s Tab ~/stuff/script.sh (Executable, 4.8kB) ~/stuff/sources/ (Directory)
Hit tab again to cycle through the possibilities.
fish can also complete many commands, like git branches:
> git merge pr :kbd:`Tab` => git merge prompt_designer
> git checkout b :kbd:`Tab`
builtin_list_io_merge (Branch) builtin_set_color (Branch) busted_events (Tag)
Try hitting tab and see what fish can do!
Variables¶
Like other shells, a dollar sign performs variable substitution:
> echo My home directory is $HOME
My home directory is /home/tutorial
Variable substitution also happens in double quotes, but not single quotes:
> echo "My current directory is $PWD"
My current directory is /home/tutorial
> echo 'My current directory is $PWD'
My current directory is $PWD
Unlike other shells, fish has no dedicated VARIABLE=VALUE syntax for setting variables. Instead it has an ordinary command: set, which takes a variable name, and then its value.
> set name 'Mister Noodle'
> echo $name
Mister Noodle
(Notice the quotes: without them, Mister and Noodle would have been separate arguments, and $name would have been made into a list of two elements.)
Unlike other shells, variables are not further split after substitution:
> mkdir $name
> ls
Mister Noodle
In bash, this would have created two directories "Mister" and "Noodle". In fish, it created only one: the variable had the value "Mister Noodle", so that is the argument that was passed to mkdir, spaces and all. Other shells use the term "arrays", rather than lists.
You can erase (or "delete") a variable with -e or --erase
> set -e MyVariable
> env | grep MyVariable
(no output)
Exports (Shell Variables)¶
Sometimes you need to have a variable available to an external command, often as a setting. For example many programs like git or man read the $PAGER variable to figure out your preferred pager (the program that lets you scroll text). Other variables used like this include $BROWSER, $LANG (to configure your language) and $PATH. You'll note these are written in ALLCAPS, but that's just a convention.
To give a variable to an external command, it needs to be "exported". Unlike other shells, fish does not have an export command. Instead, a variable is exported via an option to set, either --export or just -x.
> set -x MyVariable SomeValue
> env | grep MyVariable
MyVariable=SomeValue
It can also be unexported with --unexport or -u.
Lists¶
The set command above used quotes to ensure that Mister Noodle was one argument. If it had been two arguments, then name would have been a list of length 2. In fact, all variables in fish are really lists, that can contain any number of values, or none at all.
Some variables, like $PWD, only have one value. By convention, we talk about that variable's value, but we really mean its first (and only) value.
Other variables, like $PATH, really do have multiple values. During variable expansion, the variable expands to become multiple arguments:
> echo $PATH
/usr/bin /bin /usr/sbin /sbin /usr/local/bin
Variables whose name ends in "PATH" are automatically split on colons to become lists. They are joined using colons when exported to subcommands. This is for compatibility with other tools, which expect $PATH to use colons. You can also explicitly add this quirk to a variable with set --path, or remove it with set --unpath.
Lists cannot contain other lists: there is no recursion. A variable is a list of strings, full stop.
Get the length of a list with count:
> count $PATH
5
You can append (or prepend) to a list by setting the list to itself, with some additional arguments. Here we append /usr/local/bin to $PATH:
> set PATH $PATH /usr/local/bin
You can access individual elements with square brackets. Indexing starts at 1 from the beginning, and -1 from the end:
> echo $PATH
/usr/bin /bin /usr/sbin /sbin /usr/local/bin
> echo $PATH[1]
/usr/bin
> echo $PATH[-1]
/usr/local/bin
You can also access ranges of elements, known as "slices:"
> echo $PATH[1..2]
/usr/bin /bin
> echo $PATH[-1..2]
/usr/local/bin /sbin /usr/sbin /bin
You can iterate over a list (or a slice) with a for loop:
> for val in $PATH
echo "entry: $val"
end
entry: /usr/bin/
entry: /bin
entry: /usr/sbin
entry: /sbin
entry: /usr/local/bin
Lists adjacent to other lists or strings are expanded as cartesian products unless quoted (see Variable expansion):
> set a 1 2 3
> set 1 a b c
> echo $a$1
1a 2a 3a 1b 2b 3b 1c 2c 3c
> echo $a" banana"
1 banana 2 banana 3 banana
> echo "$a banana"
1 2 3 banana
This is similar to Brace expansion.
Command Substitutions¶
Command substitutions use the output of one command as an argument to another. Unlike other shells, fish does not use backticks `` for command substitutions. Instead, it uses parentheses:
> echo In (pwd), running (uname)
In /home/tutorial, running FreeBSD
A common idiom is to capture the output of a command in a variable:
> set os (uname)
> echo $os
Linux
Command substitutions are not expanded within quotes. Instead, you can temporarily close the quotes, add the command substitution, and reopen them, all in the same argument:
> touch "testing_"(date +%s)".txt"
> ls *.txt
testing_1360099791.txt
Unlike other shells, fish does not split command substitutions on any whitespace (like spaces or tabs), only newlines. This can be an issue with commands like pkg-config that print what is meant to be multiple arguments on a single line. To split it on spaces too, use string split.
> printf '%s\n' (pkg-config --libs gio-2.0)
-lgio-2.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lglib-2.0
> printf '%s\n' (pkg-config --libs gio-2.0 | string split " ")
-lgio-2.0
-lgobject-2.0
-lglib-2.0
Separating Commands (Semicolon)¶
Like other shells, fish allows multiple commands either on separate lines or the same line.
To write them on the same line, use the semicolon (";"). That means the following two examples are equivalent:
echo fish; echo chips
# or
echo fish
echo chips
Exit Status¶
When a command exits, it returns a status code as a natural number. This indicates how the command fared - 0 usually means success, while the others signify kinds of failure. For instance fish's set --query returns the number of variables it queried that weren't set - set --query PATH usually returns 0, set --query arglbargl boogagoogoo usually returns 2.
Unlike other shells, fish stores the exit status of the last command in $status instead of $?.
> false
> echo $status
1
This indicates how the command fared - 0 usually means success, while the others signify kinds of failure. For instance fish's set --query returns the number of variables it queried that weren't set - set --query PATH usually returns 0, set --query arglbargl boogagoogoo usually returns 2.
There is also a $pipestatus list variable for the exit statuses [1] of processes in a pipe.
| [1] | or "stati" if you prefer, or "statūs" if you've time-travelled from ancient Rome or work as a latin teacher |
Combiners (And, Or, Not)¶
fish supports the familiar && and || to combine commands, and ! to negate them:
> ./configure && make && sudo make install
Here, make is only executed if ./configure succeeds (returns 0), and sudo make install is only executed if both ./configure and make succeed.
fish also supports and, or, and not. The first two are job modifiers and have lower precedence. Example usage:
> cp file1.txt file1_bak.txt && cp file2.txt file2_bak.txt ; and echo "Backup successful"; or echo "Backup failed"
Backup failed
As mentioned in the section on the semicolon, this can also be written in multiple lines, like so:
cp file1.txt file1_bak.txt && cp file2.txt file2_bak.txt
and echo "Backup successful"
or echo "Backup failed"
Conditionals (If, Else, Switch)¶
Use if, else if, and else to conditionally execute code, based on the exit status of a command.
if grep fish /etc/shells
echo Found fish
else if grep bash /etc/shells
echo Found bash
else
echo Got nothing
end
To compare strings or numbers or check file properties (whether a file exists or is writeable and such), use test, like
if test "$fish" = "flounder"
echo FLOUNDER
end
# or
if test "$number" -gt 5
echo $number is greater than five
else
echo $number is five or less
end
# or
if test -e /etc/hosts # is true if the path /etc/hosts exists - it could be a file or directory or symlink (or possibly something else).
echo We most likely have a hosts file
else
echo We do not have a hosts file
end
Combiners can also be used to make more complex conditions, like
if grep fish /etc/shells; and command -sq fish
echo fish is installed and configured
end
For even more complex conditions, use begin and end to group parts of them.
There is also a switch command:
switch (uname)
case Linux
echo Hi Tux!
case Darwin
echo Hi Hexley!
case FreeBSD NetBSD DragonFly
echo Hi Beastie!
case '*'
echo Hi, stranger!
end
Note that case does not fall through, and can accept multiple arguments or (quoted) wildcards.
Functions¶
A fish function is a list of commands, which may optionally take arguments. Unlike other shells, arguments are not passed in "numbered variables" like $1, but instead in a single list $argv. To create a function, use the function builtin:
> function say_hello
echo Hello $argv
end
> say_hello
Hello
> say_hello everybody!
Hello everybody!
Unlike other shells, fish does not have aliases or special prompt syntax. Functions take their place.
You can list the names of all functions with the functions keyword (note the plural!). fish starts out with a number of functions:
> functions
alias, cd, delete-or-exit, dirh, dirs, down-or-search, eval, export, fish_command_not_found_setup, fish_config, fish_default_key_bindings, fish_prompt, fish_right_prompt, fish_sigtrap_handler, fish_update_completions, funced, funcsave, grep, help, history, isatty, ls, man, math, nextd, nextd-or-forward-word, open, popd, prevd, prevd-or-backward-word, prompt_pwd, psub, pushd, seq, setenv, trap, type, umask, up-or-search, vared
You can see the source for any function by passing its name to functions:
> functions ls
function ls --description 'List contents of directory'
command ls -G $argv
end
Loops¶
While loops:
> while true
echo "Loop forever"
end
Loop forever
Loop forever
Loop forever
... # yes, this really will loop forever. Unless you abort it with ctrl-c.
For loops can be used to iterate over a list. For example, a list of files:
> for file in *.txt
cp $file $file.bak
end
Iterating over a list of numbers can be done with seq:
> for x in (seq 5)
touch file_$x.txt
end
Prompt¶
Unlike other shells, there is no prompt variable like PS1. To display your prompt, fish executes a function with the name fish_prompt, and its output is used as the prompt.
You can define your own prompt:
> function fish_prompt
echo "New Prompt % "
end
New Prompt %
Multiple lines are OK. Colors can be set via set_color, passing it named ANSI colors, or hex RGB values:
> function fish_prompt
set_color purple
date "+%m/%d/%y"
set_color FF0
echo (pwd) '>' (set_color normal)
end
will look like
You can choose among some sample prompts by running fish_config prompt. fish also supports RPROMPT through fish_right_prompt.
$PATH¶
$PATH is an environment variable containing the directories that fish searches for commands. Unlike other shells, $PATH is a list, not a colon-delimited string.
To prepend /usr/local/bin and /usr/sbin to $PATH, you can write:
> set PATH /usr/local/bin /usr/sbin $PATH
To remove /usr/local/bin from $PATH, you can write:
> set PATH (string match -v /usr/local/bin $PATH)
For compatibility with other shells and external commands, $PATH is a path variable, and so will be joined with colons (not spaces) when you quote it:
> echo "$PATH" /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin
and it will be exported like that, and when fish starts it splits the $PATH it receives into a list on colon.
You can do so directly in config.fish, like you might do in other shells with .profile. See this example.
A faster way is to modify the $fish_user_paths universal variable, which is automatically prepended to $PATH. For example, to permanently add /usr/local/bin to your $PATH, you could write:
> set -U fish_user_paths /usr/local/bin $fish_user_paths
The advantage is that you don't have to go mucking around in files: just run this once at the command line, and it will affect the current session and all future instances too. (Note: you should NOT add this line to config.fish. If you do, the variable will get longer each time you run fish!)
Startup (Where's .bashrc?)¶
fish starts by executing commands in ~/.config/fish/config.fish. You can create it if it does not exist.
It is possible to directly create functions and variables in config.fish file, using the commands shown above. For example:
> cat ~/.config/fish/config.fish
set -x PATH $PATH /sbin/
function ll
ls -lh $argv
end
However, it is more common and efficient to use autoloading functions and universal variables.
If you want to organize your configuration, fish also reads commands in .fish files in ~/.config/fish/conf.d/. See initialization for the details.
Autoloading Functions¶
When fish encounters a command, it attempts to autoload a function for that command, by looking for a file with the name of that command in ~/.config/fish/functions/.
For example, if you wanted to have a function ll, you would add a text file ll.fish to ~/.config/fish/functions:
> cat ~/.config/fish/functions/ll.fish
function ll
ls -lh $argv
end
This is the preferred way to define your prompt as well:
> cat ~/.config/fish/functions/fish_prompt.fish
function fish_prompt
echo (pwd) "> "
end
See the documentation for funced and funcsave for ways to create these files automatically, and $fish_function_path to control their location.
Universal Variables¶
A universal variable is a variable whose value is shared across all instances of fish, now and in the future – even after a reboot. You can make a variable universal with set -U:
> set -U EDITOR vim
Now in another shell:
> echo $EDITOR
vim
Switching to fish?¶
If you wish to use fish (or any other shell) as your default shell,
you need to enter your new shell's executable /usr/local/bin/fish in two places:
- add /usr/local/bin/fish to /etc/shells
- change your default shell with chsh -s /usr/local/bin/fish
You can use the following commands for this:
Add the fish shell /usr/local/bin/fish
to /etc/shells with:
> echo /usr/local/bin/fish | sudo tee -a /etc/shells
Change your default shell to fish with:
> chsh -s /usr/local/bin/fish
(To change it back to another shell, just substitute /usr/local/bin/fish
with /bin/bash, /bin/tcsh or /bin/zsh as appropriate in the steps above.)
Ready for more?¶
If you want to learn more about fish, there is lots of detailed documentation, the official gitter channel, an official mailing list, and the github page.